Prevalence and factors associated with gummy smile in adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with gummy smiles in adolescents aged between 15 and 18 years attending high school. Methods: The cross-sectional and quantitative study was carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic, with 160 adolescents, from two public (A1) and two private (A2) schools chosen by lottery, divided into two groups: G1 (with gummy smile) and G2 (no gummy smile). A clinical examination was carried out on the adolescents, investigating the presence or absence of a gummy smile (GS), by analyzing the variables (interlabial distance at rest, upper incisor exposure at rest, smile arc, measurement from the subnasal to the upper lip philtrum, upper lip length, upper lip thickness, hypermobility and lower/middle third ratio). Means and dispersion were obtained, and the Chi-square association test was applied, to compare the results between A1 and A2 and between G1 and G2. Results: The prevalence of GS was 33.8% (=54). It was found that no statistically significant associations were found (p > 0.05), regarding the type of school and gender with the presence of GS in adolescents. There was no statistically significant difference (χ² = 1.82; p = 0.07) between the groups and the age of adolescents. There was a significant association between the studied variables and GS (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence was high with a predominance of females. There were no statistically significant associations regarding the type of school and gender, but there was a significant association between gummy smile and lip dimensions

Prevalence and influence of dental development anomalies in smile esthetics: a cross-sectional analysis

Aim: To determine the prevalence of dental development anomalies and type of influence on the smile of adolescent students. Method: This was a cross-sectional and analytical study carried out in two public (A1) and two private (A2) schools chosen by lot in the city of Parnaíba-Piauí. The sample calculation was based on the target population: number of people enrolled in public and private schools between 15 and 19 years, in the city of Parnaíba-PI, which totaled 6209 students in 2020, according to a survey carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ­ IBGE. A questionnaire on epidemiological data and aesthetic self-perception of the smile was applied to 160 adolescents between 15 and 19 years old, from August 2020 to July 2021. The clinical examination was carried out under natural light, to check for the presence of anomaly(s) in the dental development. Students who presented only one pathology would be called group 1 (G1), those who presented two would be called group 2 (G2) and those who presented 3 or more would be called group 3 (G3). On the other hand, adolescents in whom no anomaly was evidenced would participate in the control group (CG), both in A1 and A2. Results: It was observed that 37.5% of the sample had only a type of dental anomaly, corresponding to 60 individuals. The most prevalent were enamel hypoplasia, fusion, transposition, agenesis, ectopic eruption, microdent and dens-in-dent. It was possible to verify a higher prevalence in the maxilla, private schools (76.6%) and females (86.6%). In 45% of adolescents with dental anomalies, embarrassment was observed when smiling. Conclusion: The prevalence was relatively high, highlighting the enamel hypoplasia, influencing the smile esthetics of a reasonable number of adolescents, whether for acquaintances, strangers or even for photographs

COVID-19 prevention, control and management during dental care in a school clinic / Prevenção, controle e manejo da COVID-19 durante o atendimento odontológico em clínica escola

This study investigated the effectiveness of physical and mechanical barriers in the prevention, control and management of COVID-19 during dental care. In this cross-sectional study, two research students from the eighth period of the dentistry course performed 24 consultations fromJanuary to June 2022, in the 4 specialties under study: surgery (S), restorative dentistry (D),endodontics (E) and periodontics (P). For each specialty researched, there were 3 groups: control (CG), which adopted the current biosafety norms of the Federal Council of Dentistry (FCD); with circular shield (G1) and with rectangular shield (G2). For each specialty, the researcher performed 6 dental appointments, whose patients were chosen by lot to which group they would participate, so that the distribution was equitable between the groups. Aerosol stains were found around office equipment, as well as on professionals' personal protective equipment(PPE)and close to the patient. The maximum distance found from aerosol splashes to the naked eye was 1.43m during prophylaxis procedures in the CG. In all groups, most of the splashes were found on the PPEusedby professionals, especially on gloves, in the professionals' wrist region; on the patient, on the apron and neck. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups within the specialties (p-value > 0.05), disregarding the comparison between pairs. It was concluded that there was dissemination of aerosol droplets in all dental visits in the 4 specialties studied. Although the PPE proposed by the FCDare effective as a physical barrier to reduce cross-infection and the spread of droplets and aerosols, as well as a preventive measure against COVID-19 during dental care, the professional can use other devices that demonstrate effectiveness, such as the circular screens and the acrylic box, during the dental procedures (AU).

Este estudo investigoua eficácia de barreiras físicas e mecânicas na prevenção, controle e manejo da COVID-19 durante o atendimento odontológico. Neste estudo transversal, dois alunos pesquisadores do oitavo período do curso de Odontologia realizaram24 atendimentosde janeiro a junhode 2022, nas 4 especialidades em estudo: cirurgia (C), dentísticarestauradora(D), endodontia (E) e periodontia (P). Para cada especialidade pesquisada houve3 grupos: controle (GC), que adotou as normas vigentes de biossegurança do Conselho Federal de Odontologia (CFO); com anteparo circular (G1)e com o anteparo retangular (G2).Para cada especialidade, o pesquisador realizou 6 atendimentos, cujos pacientes foram escolhidos por sorteio para qual grupo participariam, de modoquea distribuição fosse equitativa entre os grupos. As manchas de aerossóis foram encontradas em torno dos equipamentos do consultório, bem como em equipamentos de proteção individual dos profissionais e próximas ao paciente. A máxima distância encontrada de respingos de aerossóis a olho nu foi de 1,43m durante procedimentos de profilaxia em acadêmicos com problemas periodontais foi encontrada no GC. Em todos os grupos, amaioria dos respingos foram encontrados sobre osequipamentos de proteção individual (EPI)utilizados pelos profissionais, principalmente nas luvas, na região de punho dos profissionais;no paciente, no avental e pescoço.Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos dentro das especialidades(p-valor > 0,05), prescindindo acomparação entre os pares. Concluiu-se que houve disseminação de gotículas de aerossóis em todos os atendimentos odontológicos nas 4 especialidadesestudadas. Apesar de os EPIpropostos pelo CFO serem eficazes como barreira física para diminuiçãode infecção cruzada e da propagação de gotículas e aerossóis, bem como medida preventiva contra a COVID-19 durante o atendimento odontológico, o profissional poderá lançar mão de outros aparatos que demonstrem eficácia, como por exemplo, os anteparos circulares e a caixa acrílica, durante os procedimentos odontológicos (AU).

Evaluation of the pandemic and vaccination against COVID-19 in the health of dental academics / Influência da pandemia da COVID-19 e vacinação na saúde física, mental e no desempenho acadêmico de estudantes de odontologia

This study investigated the prevalence of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and vaccination among dental students from public and private institutions, as well as verified the level of influence of the pandemic and vaccination on physical, mental health and academic performance. In this cross-sectional study an online questionnaire using Google Forms® was applied to dental students from a public and a private university on epidemiological data, COVID-19, vaccination and the impact of social distancing on health. The rate of COVID-19 infection in both groups was 36.8% (n=46), and when asked about the period of infection, 82.6% of these (n=38) contracted it before the first dose, but there were no statistically significant differences (χ2=2.667; p=0.102) between the groups. There was a difference between the groups tested, since 56.3% of the students from G1 were vaccinated with a second dose, compared to 29.6% from G2 (χ2= 16.554; p= 0.0009). Students were asked about the existence of risks in the dentistry course, and 76.8% considered that there are risks (n=96), with a statistically significant difference (χ2= 10.216; p= 0.001). Regarding the vaccine, 64% of the participants think it is safe (n=80), with a statistically significant difference between the groups (χ2= 4.374; p= 0.036). Most students contracted COVID-19 before the first dose, were vaccinated with the second dose by AstraZeneca and Pfizer immunizers. The academic performance and the physical and mental health of the students were significantly affected, with the students of advanced periods and those of public universities suffering more negative impacts (AU).

Este estudo investigou a prevalência da COVID-19 e vacinação entre estudantes de odontologia de instituições públicas e privadas, bem como verificar o nível de influência da pandemia e da vacinação na saúde física, mental e no desempenho acadêmico. Em um estudo transversal, foi aplicado um questionário online utilizando o Google Forms® a estudantes de odontologia de uma universidade pública e privada sobre dados epidemiológicos, COVID-19, vacinação e o impacto do distanciamento social na saúde. A taxa de infecção por COVID-19 em ambos os grupos foi de 36,8% (n=46), e quando questionados sobre o período de infecção, 82,6% destes (n=38) contraíram antes da primeira dose, mas não houve significância estatística diferenças (χ2=2,667; p=0,102) entre os grupos. Houve diferença entre os grupos testados, pois 56,3% dos escolares do G1 foram vacinados com uma segunda dose, comparado a 29,6% do G2 (χ2= 16,554; p= 0,0009). Os alunos foram questionados sobre a existência de riscos no curso de odontologia, e 76,8% consideraram que existem riscos (n=96), com diferença estatisticamente significativa (χ2= 10,216; p= 0,001). Em relação à vacina, 64% dos participantes a consideram segura (n=80), com diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (χ2= 4,374; p= 0,036). A maioria dos alunos contraiu COVID-19 antes da primeira dose, foram vacinados com a segunda dose pelos imunizadores AstraZeneca® e Pfizer®. O desempenho acadêmico e a saúde física e mental dos alunos foram significativamente afetados, com os alunos de períodos avançados e os de universidades públicas sofrendo mais impactos negativos (AU).

Impacto da presença de diastema na autopercepção do sorriso em uma amostra de adolescentes / Impact of the presence of diastema on the self-perception of one's smile in a sample of adolescents

Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de diastema em adolescentes, analisar fatores associados e investigar o impacto dessa má oclusão na autopercepção dos adolescentes em relação ao seu sorriso. Métodos:A amostra consistiu em 160 adolescentes. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal e quantitativo realizado em escolas privadas (A1) e públicas (A2), no período de agosto de 2020 à julho de 2021, na cidade de Parnaíba, Piauí. Inicialmente, aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico. A seguir, o exame clínico foi realizado sob luz natural, em ambiente escolar. Os alunos que apresentaram diastema constituíram o grupo G1 e os que não apresentaram formaram o grupo G2. Nos alunos do G1 foram identificadas a localização e a medida do diastema e dos possíveis fatores associados e aplicado um segundo questionário sobre a auto avaliação estética do sorriso. Foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas, obtendo-se porcentagens, frequências e análises de associação com o teste qui-quadrado e comparações de média a partir do teste t. Resultados:Houve diferença significativa na distribuição de adolescentes quanto ao tipo de escola e presença de diastema, verificando-se maior prevalência na escola pública. Quanto ao gênero, não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa, assim como não houve associação entre o sorriso e a presença de diastema, pois a maioria não apresentava vergonha ao sorrir, estava satisfeita e julgava ter um sorriso agradável. Verificou-se, quanto aos fatores associados, uma distribuição significativa com maior prevalência de "discrepância de tamanho dentário". Conclusão: A presença de diastema teve como fator associado predominante, a discrepância de tamanho dentário. A maioria dos adolescentes afirmaram estar satisfeitos com o sorriso, apesar de não ser agradável, considerando desnecessário o tratamento.

Aim: To verify the prevalence of diastema in adolescents, analyze associated factors, and investigate the impact of this malocclusion on adolescents' self-perception of their smile. Methods:The sample consisted of 160 adolescents. This was a cross-sectional and quantitative study carried out in private (A1) and public (A2) schools, from August 2020 to July 2021, in the city of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil. Initially, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied. The clinical examination was then performed under natural light, in a school environment. Students who presented diastema formed the G1 group, and those who did not, formed the G2 group. In G1 students, the location and measurement of the diastema and possible associated factors were identified and a second questionnaire was applied on the self-assessment of the esthetic smile. Descriptive statistics were performed, obtaining percentages, frequencies, and association analysis using the chi-square test and mean comparisons using the t test. Results: There was a significant difference in the distribution of adolescents regarding the type of school and presence of diastema, with a higher prevalence in public schools. Regarding gender, no statistically significant difference was found. There was also no association between smiling and the presence of diastema, as most were not ashamed to smile, were satisfied, and thought they had a pleasant smile. Regarding the associated factors, there was a significant distribution with a higher prevalence of "tooth size discrepancy". Conclusion: The presence of diastema was predominantly associated with tooth size discrepancy. Most adolescents said they were satisfied with the smile, despite not being pleasant, considering the treatment unnecessary.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao sorriso gengival em adolescentes / Prevalence and factors associated with gummy smiles in adolescents

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e fatores associados ao sorriso gengival em adolescentes entre 15 a 18 anos cursando o ensino médio. Métodos: O estudo transversal e quantitativo foi realizado durante a pandemia de COVID-19, em 160 adolescentes de duas escolas públicas (A1) e duas privadas (A2) escolhidas por sorteio, divididas em dois grupos: G1 (com sorriso gengival) e G2 (sem sorriso gengival). Foi realizado o exame clínico nos adolescentes, investigando a presença ou não de sorriso gengival (SG), ao analisar as variáveis (distância interlabial em repouso, exposição de incisivo superior em repouso, arco do sorriso, medida do subnasal ao filtro labial superior, comprimento do lábio superior, espessura do lábio superior, hipermobilidade e relação do terço inferior/médio). Foram obtidas médias, dispersão e aplicado o teste de associação qui quadrado, com nível de significância estatística de 5% para comparar os resultados entre A1 e A2 e entre G1 e G2. Resultados: Verificou-se que não foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas (p> 0,05), quanto ao tipo de escola e gênero com a presença de SG nos adolescentes. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (χ² = 1,82; p = 0,07) entre os grupos e a idade dos adolescentes. Houve correlação significativa entre as variáveis estudadas e o SG (p < 0,05). Conclusão: A prevalência do SG em adolescentes de 15 a 18 anos de idade foi de 33,8%, com predominância do gênero feminino, não houve associações estatisticamente significativas, quanto ao tipo de escola e gênero com a presença de SG, mas houve correlação significativa entre o SG e as variáveis estudadas.

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with gummy smiles in adolescents aged 15 to 18 years who were attending high school. Methods: The cross-sectional and quantitateve study was carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic, with 160 adolescents, from two public (A1) and two private (A2) schools chosen by lottery, divided into two groups: G1 (with gingival smile) and G2 (no gummy smile). A clinical examination was carried out on the adolescents, investigating the presence or absence of a gummy smile (GS), by analyzing the variables (interlabial distance at rest, upper incisor exposure at rest, smile arc, measurement from the subnasal to the upper lip philtrum, upper lip length, upper lip thickness, hypermobility, and lower/middle third ratio). Means and dispersion were obtained, and the Chi-square association test was applied, with a statistical significance level of 5%, to compare the results between A1 and A2 and between G1 and G2. Results: No statistically significant associations were found (p > 0.05) regarding the type of school and gender with the presence of GS in adolescents. There was no statistically significant difference (χ² = 1.82; p = 0.07) between the groups and the age of adolescents. A significant correlation was found between the studied variables and GS (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of GS in adolescents aged 15 to 18 years was 33.8%, with a predominance of females. No statistically significant associations were identified regarding the type of school and gender with the presence of GS; however, a significant correlation was found between the GS and the studied variables.

Consumo de álcool como fator de risco para traumatismo dentário em adolescentes: estudo caso-controle / Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dental trauma in adolescents: a case-control study

Objetivo: Avaliar a ingestão de álcool como fator associado ao traumatismo dentário em adolescentes. Método: O estudo transversal de caso-controle foi realizado em 160 adolescentes com idade entre 14 a 19 anos, de escolas públicas e privadas, divididas em grupos, sendo (G1) o grupo com traumatismo dentário e (G2) o grupo controle. Um questionário foi aplicado para cada participante sobre os dados epidemiológicos e posteriormente, foi aplicado um segundo questionário somente para os alunos expostos à bebida alcóolica, para informações detalhadas sobre o consumo. Em seguida, o exame clínico foi realizado em toda a amostra. Foram considerados traumas dentários, os detectados pelo tato e visão. Foram realizadas avaliações das médias e dos desvios padrão para variáveis quantitativas. Obteve-se porcentagens e frequências, realizando-se análises de associação entre as variáveis qualitativas a partir do qui-quadrado e comparação da idade média a partir do teste t (p < 0,05). Resultados: Com base nos dados coletados em 160 adolescentes, foi possível observar uma taxa de 34,37%, (n = 55) de adolescentes com traumatismo dentário. Quanto à distribuição do consumo de bebidas alcóolicas, observou-se que, 20 desses 55 adolescentes faziam uso de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas regularmente. Conclusão: Em adolescentes, com idade entre 14 e 18 anos, que consumiam bebidas alcóolicas, a prevalência de traumatismo dentário (TD) foi de 33,3%, com predominância no gênero feminino. Houve associação do consumo de álcool com TD nas idades entre 16 e 18 anos. Em escola privada foram observados 70% dos casos provenientes de TD associados ao uso de bebidas alcóolicas.

Aim: To evaluate alcohol intake as a factor associated with dental trauma in adolescents.Methods: This work is a cross-sectional case-control study was carried out with 160 adolescents, aged 14 to 19 years, from public and private schools, divided into 2 groups: G1 ­group with dental trauma and G2 ­ control group. A questionnaire was applied to each participant concerning the epidemiological data. Later, a second questionnaire was applied only to students exposed to alcohol in order to find detailed information about consumption. The clinical examination was then performed on the entire sample. Dental traumas were those detected by touch and vision. Evaluations of means and standard deviations were performed for quantitative variables. Percentages and frequencies were obtained by performing an analysis of association between qualitative variables using the chi-square test and comparing the mean age using the t test (p < 0.05).Results: Based on data collected from 160 adolescents, it was possible to observe a rate of 34.37% (n = 55) of adolescents with dental trauma. As for the distribution of alcohol consumption, it was observed that 20 of these 55 adolescents used alcohol regularly.Conclusion:In adolescents, aged 14 to 18 years, who consumed alcoholic beverages, the prevalence of dental trauma (DT) was 33.3%, with a predominance found in females. There was an association between alcohol consumption and DT at ages between 16 and 18 years. In a private school, 70% of the cases of DT associated with the use of alcoholic beverages were observed.